Miller Test Used for Defining Obscenity in U.S. Courts

The Miller test is the standard used by courts to define obscenity. It  comes from the 1973 Supreme Courts 5-4 ruling in Miller v. California,  in which Chief Justice Warren Burger, writing for the majority, held that obscene material is not protected by the First Amendment. What Is the First Amendment? The First Amendment is the one that guarantees Americans’ freedoms. We can worship in any faith we choose, whenever we choose. The government cannot restrict these practices. We have the right to petition the government and to assemble. But the First Amendment is most commonly known as our right to freedom of speech and expression. Americans can speak their minds without fear of reprisal. The First Amendment reads like this: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. The 1973 Miller v. California Decision   Chief Justice Burger stated the Supreme Courts  definition of obscenity:  Ã‚   The basic guidelines for the trier of fact must be: (a) whether the average person, applying contemporary community standards would find that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest ... (b) whether the work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by the applicable state law, and (c) whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value. If a state obscenity law is thus limited, First Amendment values are adequately protected by ultimate independent appellate review of constitutional claims when necessary. To put it in laymans terms, the following questions must be answered:   Is it pornography?Does it actually show sex?Is it otherwise useless? So What Does This Mean?   Courts have traditionally held that the  sale and distribution of obscene material are not protected by the First Amendment. In other words, you can speak your mind freely, including the distribution of printed materials, unless youre promoting or talking about something obscene based on the above standards. The guy standing next to you, an Average Joe, would be offended by what youve said or distributed. A sexual act is depicted or described. And your words and/or materials serve no other purpose but to promote this obscenity.   The Right to Privacy   The First Amendment applies only to disseminating pornography or obscene materials. It doesnt protect you if you share the materials or shout from the rooftop for all to hear. You can, however, quietly possess those materials for your own use and enjoyment because you also have a constitutional right to privacy.  Although no amendment specifically states this, several amendments pay lip service to the issue of privacy. The Third Amendment protects your home against unreasonable entry, the Fifth Amendment protects you against self-incrimination and the Ninth Amendment generally supports your right to privacy because it upholds the Bill of Rights. Even if a right is not specifically stated in the first eight amendments, it’s protected if it’s alluded to in the Bill of Rights.

Dinosaur - 727 Words

Dinosaur Dinosaurs: Extinct or Natural Causes As geologic time goes, all the dinosaurs living on earth suddenly disappeared. How did these dominated and gigantic creatures really die? Was it a slow extinction through natural causes, or did it happen suddenly? These questions give rise to many different beliefs on how the dinosaurs disappeared over sixty-five million years ago. Something happened sixty-five million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous period that was so devastating that it altered the course of life on earth. Extinction is easily defined: the birth rate fails to keep up with the death rate. However, the definition does not answer the question about the nature or causes of extinction. Since so many†¦show more content†¦A massive eruption may have saturated the atmosphere with carbon dioxide so the that a sharp rise in temperature occurred worldwide. The excessive carbon dioxide would have permitted solar energy to enter the atmosphere but would have blocked the radiation of most surface heat back into space, causing the â€Å"greenhouse effect†. rising temperatures could have killed off or reduced the activity of plankton, disrupting food chains and also disrupting the plankton’s normal role in converting carbon dioxide to oxygen through photosynthesis. It would have taken long for dinosaurs to become extinct. Dinosaurs may have also killed themselves. It is possible that they consumed poison from plants. The emergence of flowering plants could have poisoned them. These plants contained alkaloids. Smaller animals with lesser appetites could have survived the doses, but perhaps the dinosaur could not. Most mammals are smart enough to avoid these poison ness plants because of the bitter taste. The dinosaurs, however, may have not had the sense or the liver. They could not taste the bitterness or detoxify the ingested substances. This theory is not scientifically significant because there is no way of telling if the dinosaurs could taste, or how their digestive system worked. What if it wasn’t the dinosaurs that caused their own extinction, but something greater? Species of animals that have survived for millions of years have to be well adapted to their environment or theyShow MoreRelatedDinosaurs : Dinosaurs And Dinosaurs958 Words   |  4 PagesThere were over 1,000 different species of dinosaurs (â€Å"Dinosaurs†) that lived and evolved for almost 185 million years (â€Å"Dinosaur Facts†). Dinosaurs were some of the largest and most mysterious creatures to walk the Earth. Dinosaurs have helped scientists to understand the Earth and it s past by studying different types, how they lived, their characteristics and what caused their mass extinction. When, where and how did dinosaurs live? Dinosaurs arose around 200 million years ago and lived andRead MoreDinosaurs : What Are Dinosaurs?1619 Words   |  7 PagesPart A: What are Dinosaurs? Dinosaurs are land-dwelling reptiles that once roamed the Earth and the word comes from a Greek word that means terrible lizard. Dinosaurs are defined by their skeleton features, particularly the way they hold the limbs. Dinosaurs limbs support them from beneath, (like a horse), while modern-day reptiles (such as crocodiles and lizards) limbs come out from the sides. Dinosaur are a diverse species ranging in different shapes and sizes and were able to survive in a varietyRead MoreThe Fall Of Dinosaurs By Dinosaurs2185 Words   |  9 Pages 4/26/2016 English 12 Ms. Hous The fall of Dinosaurs It is hard to imagine that millions of years ago, the Earth was not dominated by humans, but by Dinosaurs. These great Beast’s, who were as big or bigger than cars, roamed the land. Some were giant killing machines, like the Tyrannosaurus Rex.Some are even alive today, while many people do not even notice. There have been countless theories as to how the dinosaurs became extinct. The dinosaurs ruled the land for millions of years, and it seemsRead MoreThe Discovery Of The Dinosaur Extinction Of Dinosaurs867 Words   |  4 PagesBefore the time of humans, dinosaurs ruled the Earth. These creatures were the greatest predators until they stopped roaming the planet. Dinosaurs died 65 million years ago at the close of the Cretaceous period. Of course, we are not exactly sure what ended the reign of the dinosaur since humans were not around at the time. However, scientists came up with countless possible theories on how dinosaurs demised. A few of the crazier theories include alien abduction or dinosaurs never existed. CertainRead MoreThe Extinction of The Dinosaurs1262 Words   |  6 PagesExtinction of Dinosaurs Many different theories exist as to why the dinosaurs went extinct. We know for sure most dinosaurs died out around 65 million years ago. The majority of scientists agree on a number of theories as to what brought the end of the dinosaurs. The most popular theory is that an asteroid ended the reign of the dinosaurs. Another theory, massive climate change in the pre-historic atmosphere, caused all the dinosaurs to die. Some scientists believe that mammals out competed dinosaurs forRead MoreDinosaurs Are Awesome526 Words   |  2 PagesI still want to see how different earth was during that time so I could confirm and add to the overall knowledge about the dinosaurs. The Cretaceous time period was the last time period in which dinosaurs are seen. This time period spanned from 144 million years ago (mya) to 66 mya; right after the Jurassic time period and before the Tertiary. This is a time when dinosaurs were at their height with many thousands of different species known or yet to be identified. Our earliest ancestors were smallRead MoreThe Discovery Of The Dinosaur865 Words   |  4 PagesZhenyuanlong Suni was dinosaur that was officially announced on July 2015 when the official scientific report (written by the paleontologist who studied it) was published. The dinosaur was given it’s name after Zhenyuan Sun who took it’s fossils for a deep study upon being discovered by a local farmer. The fossils were taken to Jinzhou Paleontological Museum by Zhenyuan Sun for further examination. The specimen was further studied by paleontologists Stephen Brusatte of the University of EdinburghRead MoreEssay on Dinosaurs964 Words   |   4 Pages Just as most dinosaurs are believed to be wild and mean, most are. Unlike the wild and ferocious Tyrannosaurus Rex, the Velociraptor, is a smaller, agile dinosaur. The Brontosaurus can be found with the bigger, more gentle dinosaurs. The Tyrannosaurus Rex, Velociraptor, and Brontosaurus differ greatly in their body structure, diet, and discovery. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Tyrannosaurus Rex was a very large dinosaur. Measuring 50 feet long, the Tyrannosaurus stood over 20 feet tall. TheRead MoreThe Extinction Of Dinosaurs904 Words   |  4 Pages Cribbins 1 Hook. The extinction of dinosaurs is a mystery in itself that has stumped scientists all over the world for decades, and they still look for new answers every day. Scientists know some background information, but cannot connect the dots to see the bigger picture. There was little interest in the topic until Luis and Walter Alvarez proposed a groundbreaking hypothesis, which today we call the â€Å"Alvarez Hypothesis†. This new idea of the Alvarez’s was exciting, and therefore gotRead MoreThe Geologic Scale Of Dinosaurs1419 Words   |  6 Pagesfood, or the environment changes making it hard for some organisms to survive the new environment (Ghose). Dinosaurs started developing after a mass extinction of the Paleozoic Era just about 125 million years ago. Dinosaurs lived through the Mesozoic Era then later died off during another mass extinction about 65 million years ago, starting the beginning of the Cenozoic Era. Almost all dinosaurs and half of the other plants and animals went extinct, some scientist think that an asteroid hit the earth

Ida B. Wells, Booker T, Washington, and W.E.B Dubois

Beginning in the 1890’s Jim Crow laws or also known as the color-line was put into effect in the Southern states. These laws restricted the rights of blacks and segregation from the white population. These laws were put into effect as partially a result of the reaction of the whites to blacks not submitting to segregation of railroads, streetcars, and other public facilities. African Americans Ids B. Wells, Booker T. Washington, and W.E.B Dubois had differing opinions on the color-line. Wells and Dubois felt the color-line created prejudice toward blacks and that the black population could not become equal with the whites under such conditions. On the other hand, Booker T. Washington thought the laws were a good compromise between the†¦show more content†¦Dubois said, â€Å"Mr. Washington distinctly asks that black people give up, at least for the present, three things, --First, political power, second, insistence on civil rights, third, higher education of Negro yo uth, and concentrate all their energies on industrial education, and accumulation of wealth, and the conciliation of the South.† Washington believed that the blacks could not move forward without giving up political power, civil rights, and higher education. He thought they had to give up those ideas for now and focus on wealth, industrial education and be friendly with the south. He thought once these objects were accomplished then the blacks could obtain the freedom and rights they wanted. Therefore, he felt that for now the color-line was ok because blacks needed to first earn their rights before they were handed over to them. William Edward Burghardt Dubois was the first African-American to earn a doctorate and lived Atlanta Georgia. He was civil rights activist and historian. In 1903 he wrote The Souls of Black Folk where he disagreed with Washington because he felt the color-line was performing a disservice to the black population. While Dubois acknowledges him as, â₠¬Å"a compromiser between the South, the North, and the Negro† : he also said,† Mr. Washington is especially to be criticized.† Dubois believed the exact opposite of Washington, he said, â€Å"Such men feel in conscience bound to ask of this nationShow MoreRelatedBooker T. Washington And His Critics : The Idea Of Racial Compromise1270 Words   |  6 PagesBooker T. Washington and His Critics: The Idea of Racial Compromise The era of Jim Crow began after the end of Reconstruction in 1877, in which through the rebuilding of the South, whites established laws and customs that forced freed slaves to stay marginalized and targeted by Southern whites. The purpose of these Jim Crow ideas was to keep blacks and white separated, and to also keep blacks from progressing in society. For instance, Southern whites forced blacks to take literacy testsRead MoreThe Gilded Age1542 Words   |  7 Pagesuntil the Progressive Era that racial segregation started gaining attention and African Americans, as well as those who wanted them to be treated equally, began making changes and their fight against racial segregation began to improve. The Niagara movement was a black civil rights organization founded in 1905 made up of the intellectual elite of the African American community, founded by W.E.B. DuBois and William Monroe Trotter. It was called the Niagara movement because their first movement was heldRead MoreRacial Segregation And African Americans999 Words   |  4 Pagescommunities and the educational promise for many African Americans. W.E.B. DuBois was fortunate enough to grow up in an integrated community and was able to receive an education that many Black Americans would never see. DuBois, the first African American to receive a doctorate, never once took his advantage of education for granted and used his knowledge to promote equal rights and equal education for African Americans. DuBois felt that through education and action the African American communityRead MoreCash Crops1538 Words   |  7 Pagesthe ruin of your fireside. Cast down your bucket among these people... —Booker T. Washington, 1895 In this speech at the Atlanta Cotton Exposition, Washington was talking to both black and white southerners. What was he telling them to do in order to be successful in the New South? ï‚ · By making friends in every manly way of the people of all races, by whom you are surrounded, refers to sending your bucket deep into the well and bringing up a wealth of good stuff, and Its a metaphor for casting outRead MoreThe Freedom Of The United States Essay2413 Words   |  10 Pagesslaves, but for a slave in 1864, African American’s vision of freedom was limited because they had been seen as property for such a long time. Slaves didn t know what was out there and there were many whites against this new freedom they had just received. Although, they were aware that they weren t equal to whites at the time, they didn t completely know what freedom could really mean. As time went on they started to see what came with freedom and they began to demand what they deserved. TheRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement : Ida B. Wells Barnett, Booker T. Washington1070 Words   |  5 Pagesracial issues in America were Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Booker T. Washington, and W.E.B. DuBois; all of whom contributed in the fight for racial equality in their own way. On July, 16, 1863, Ida B. Wells-Barnett, commonly known as Ida B. Wells was born in Holly Springs, Mississippi. Her father, James Wells, was a master carpenter whom became interested in politics after the Civil War. Her mother, Elizabeth Wells, was a cook and described as a very strict religious woman. Ida was the eldest of eight childrenRead MoreLight On The Life And Accomplishments Of Ida B. Wells1433 Words   |  6 Pagespurpose of this paper is to shine light on the life and accomplishments of Ida B. wells. She wasn’t a sociologist but her contributions to sociology were major Patricia A. Schechter has written an expansive and important biography of Ida B. Wells-Barnett. Ida B. Wells was born to slaves in Holly Springs, Mississippi, on July 16, 1862. Ida B. Wells parents were active in the Republican Party during Reconstruction. James, Wells father, was involved with the Freedman’s Aid Society and helped start ShawRead MoreRight After The Civil War892 Words à ‚  |  4 PagesAproximately, 90 % of African Americans lived in the south. They were deprive of education, so most of them were farm laborers who owned no land. The economy standards were very low. The average income was 27% of the northerns, industrialization was not well developed yet, and transportation was still ineficient. As the economy was not getting better, African American farmers were forced into sharecropping and crop lien. Farmers became victims of ABC s who were loaning them more and more money that farmersRead MoreAfrican Transformation from 1865-19201832 Words   |  8 Pagesvote, congress passed the 15th amendment, which made it legal for blacks to vote. Even with the right to vote blacks were suppressed by and scared out of voting be the Klu Klux Klan which used tactics such a lynchings to scare blacks of voting. Ida B. Wells was a black journalist who exposed lynchings in the U.S. Literacy test and poll taxes were also tactics used by white surprimisist to get blacks not to vote. Even with black codes and the KKK, this time period of Reconstruction was still a successfulRead MoreIndustrialization took place during the 1877-1920’s. It transformed a group of people from a700 Words   |  3 Pagesof segregation. W.E.B. Du Bois organized the Niagara Movement and out of that came the national association for the advancement of colored people (NAACP). Dubois became frustrated with the progress of civil rights in the U.S., moved to Ghana, and gave up his American citizenship. Booker T Washington befriended the white people that supported slavery in order to get financial support for Tuskegee Institute. He was an active supporter of African American education. Ida B. Wells, a writer for the

The Rate Of Juvenile Delinquency Essay - 1625 Words

Beginning in the 1960s, the national crime rate sharply increased. At the same time, evaluations of correctional interventions during the rehabilitative period claimed, â€Å"nothing works† (Lipton, Martinson, Wilks, 1975; Martinson, 1974). The pendulum swing from treatment to punishment also filtered down to the juvenile justice system. The sharp increase in adolescent and young adult homicides in the late 1980s and early 1990s (Cook Laub, 1998) was tied to the presumed new wave of juvenile â€Å"superpredators† There were three main assumptions for the rise in crime of juveniles that consist of: the relative proportion of serious and violent offenders among all juvenile delinquents was growing; that juvenile offenders were becoming younger and younger; and that juveniles were committing more and more violent crimes. A new wave of minority superpredators did not develop, nor did a general wave of juvenile violence occur. To be sure, rates of violent juvenile behavior increased in some cities in the 1980s and early 1990s, including Pittsburgh (Loeber, Farrington, Stouthamer-Loeber et al., 2008) and Denver (Huizinga, Weiher, Espiritu, Esbensen, 2003). However, analyses of national self-report and victimization data showed that the claimed increase in juvenile violence was exaggerated (Howell, 2003b; Snyder Sickmund, 2000). Even at the height of the juvenile crime increase (1993), â€Å"only about 6% of all juvenile arrests were for violent crimes and less than one-tenth of oneShow MoreRelatedJuvenile Delinquency And The Recidivism Rate2469 Words   |  10 Pages Juvenile Delinquency and the Recidivism Rate Nathaniel L. Rogers CJ 3090 Dr. Morrison November 24, 2014 Juvenile Delinquency and the Recidivism Rate Juvenile Delinquency seems to always find itself on the front pages of newspapers. The juvenile delinquency rate is very high in America, today. According to Seigel and Welsh (2014) juvenile delinquency is defined as the participation in illegal behavior by a minor who falls under the statutory age limit (p. 648). TheRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency And The Recidivism Rate2261 Words   |  10 PagesJuvenile Delinquency and the Recidivism Rate Juvenile Delinquency seems to always find itself on the front pages of newspapers. The juvenile delinquency rate is very high in America, today. According to Seigel and Welsh (2014) juvenile delinquency is defined as the participation in illegal behavior by a minor who falls under the statutory age limit (p. 648). The statutory age limit varies in different states. For example, a juvenile might be considered an adult in different state for variousRead MoreNotes On Crime Rates And Juvenile Delinquency3087 Words   |  13 PagesClearwater police say that crime rates vary year to year and location to location. Throughout the past years crime rates have increased and decreased depending on the area we live in. This includes misdemeanor crimes such as small school fights or vandalizing textbooks. Lots of countries decide to deal with this issue with death penalties instead of doing something less drastic. I do not agree with such drastic measures, though. In order to lower crime rat es, juvenile delinquents should be charged asRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Is The Highest Rate For Juvenile Crime1733 Words   |  7 PagesThe way the courts deal with juvenile delinquents varies depending on the country. Even the age of criminal responsibility is different depending on the country. Most people think when you become 18 you are no longer a minor and can be charged as an adult, well in Japan until you are 20 you can still be charged as a minor. In germany they consider 21 a legal adult .On the other hand when you become 17 in Australia you are charged as an adult. They way they treat juveniles in prison also differs. TheRead MoreFactors That Cause The Increase Rate Of Juvenile Delinquency Essay1666 Words   |  7 Pagesincrease rate of Juvenile delinquencies. A survey research design will be used. Simple random sampling technique will be used while questionnaire and interview schedule will be necessary data collection instruments. This project will use the findings to know how to reduce the increasing rates of juvenile delinquency and also how to improve the current juvenile institutions available in order to be more productive. Juvenile Delinquency Introduction Juvenile delinquency is a situationRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Is The Highest Rate Of Incarceration Rates Among African American Males1339 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The United States has the highest rate of incarceration in the world, this country is known to have the greatest number of people go to jail yearly than any other state shown in records. Chicago, Illinois is known to be the city that never sleeps, the city that encompasses the highest rates of homicides, drug smuggling and highest incarceration rates among African American males. Delinquency is a social term in society often used to describe individuals who have been involved in criminalRead MoreThe Relationship Between Social Class and Delinquency Essays1498 Words   |  6 Pagespreconceived notions regarding the relationship between social class and delinquency. A common assumption is that lower-class juveniles are more likely to engage in delinquent behavior than their higher-class counterparts. Criminologists have performed a large number of studies examining the socio-demographic characteristics of delinquents, which often yielded contradictory results. When analyzing the exte nt and trend of juvenile delinquency in the United States conclusions can be drawn from estimates derivedRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Essay1646 Words   |  7 PagesA juvenile delinquent offense is an act committed by a juvenile for which an adult would be tried at a criminal court. New statistics give an alarming picture: juvenile delinquency is higher as never before. According to the census bureau, in 2008 there were 1,653,000 recorded delinquent offenses in the United States. This is a 23.6% increase from 1990 when 1,337,000 delinquent offenses occurred. Today, a lot of people demand lowering the age of criminal responsibility and draconian penalties (JensonRead MoreContributing Factors to Juvenile Delinquency1620 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile delinquency, according to Agnew and Brezina, is the violation of the law by a minor which is any persons under the age of 18 in most states. There are many contributing factors to juvenile delinquency such as domestic issues or stress at school, and there are also four different theories, strain, social learning, control, and labeling, to explain the different prospective of why it is thought that juveniles commence in delinquent behavior. This particular discussion however, is going toRead MoreSocial And Social Learning Theory1553 Words   |  7 Pageslearned through associations with others who commit crimes. Juveniles are very impressionable or gullible, wherein they want to be popular or part of the in-crowd or clique. In comparison to the 1970’s versus today, juveniles are emulating criminals depicted on television not just through associations. Consider the current state of technology, specifically the internet and websites such as â€Å"You Tube.† With respect to crime and juvenile delinquents, You Tube is and can be a negative influence. In

Vampire Academy Chapter 16 Free Essays

SIXTEEN THE NEXT DAY, IT FULLY hit me how much things had changed since the Jesse-and-Ralf rumors first started. For some people, I remained a nonstop source of whispers and laughter. From Lissa’s converts, I received friendliness and occasional defense. We will write a custom essay sample on Vampire Academy Chapter 16 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Overall, I realized, our classmates actually gave me very little of their attention anymore. This became especially true when something new distracted everyone. Lissa and Aaron. Apparently, Mia had found about the party and had blown up when she learned that Aaron had been there without her. She’d bitched at him and told him that if he wanted to be with her, he couldn’t run around and hang out with Lissa. So Aaron had decided he didn’t want to be with her. He’d broken up with her that morning†¦and moved on. Now he and Lissa were all over each other. They stood around in the hall and at lunch, arms wrapped around one another, laughing and talking. Lissa’s bond feelings showed only mild interest, despite her gazing at him as though he was the most fascinating thing on the planet. Most of this was for show, unbeknownst to him. He looked as though he could have built a shrine at her feet at any moment. And me? I felt ill. My feelings were nothing, however, compared to Mia’s. At lunch, she sat on the far side of the room from us, eyes fixed pointedly ahead, ignoring the consolations of the friends near her. She had blotchy pink patches on her pale, round cheeks, and her eyes were red-rimmed. She said nothing mean when I walked past. No smug jokes. No mocking glares. Lissa had destroyed her, just as Mia had vowed to do us. The only person more miserable than Mia was Christian. Unlike her, he had no qualms about studying the happy couple while wearing an open look of hatred on his face. As usual, no one except me even noticed. After watching Lissa and Aaron make out for the tenth time, I left lunch early and went to see Ms. Carmack, the teacher who taught elemental basics. I’d been wanting to ask her something for a while. â€Å"Rose, right?† She seemed surprised to see me but not angry or annoyed like half the other teachers did lately. â€Å"Yeah. I have a question about, um, magic.† She raised an eyebrow. Novices didn’t take magic classes. â€Å"Sure. What do you want to know?† â€Å"I was listening to the priest talk about St. Vladimir the other day†¦Do you know what element he specialized in? Vladimir, I mean. Not the priest.† She frowned. â€Å"Odd. As famous as he is around here, I’m surprised it never comes up. I’m no expert, but in all the stories I’ve heard, he never did anything that I’d say connects to any one of the elements. Either that or no one ever recorded it.† â€Å"What about his healings?† I pushed further. â€Å"Is there an element that lets you perform those?† â€Å"No, not that I know of.† Her lips quirked into a small smile. â€Å"People of faith would say he healed through the power of God, not any sort of elemental magic. After all, one thing the stories are certain about is that he was ? ®full of spirit.’ â€Å" â€Å"Is it possible he didn’t specialize?† Her smile faded. â€Å"Rose, is this really about St. Vladimir? Or is it about Lissa?† â€Å"Not exactly†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I stammered. â€Å"I know it’s hard on her – especially in front of all her classmates – but she has to be patient,† she explained gently. â€Å"It will happen. It always happens.† â€Å"But sometimes it doesn’t.† â€Å"Rarely. But I don’t think she’ll be one of those. She’s got a higher-than-average aptitude in all four, even if she hasn’t hit specialized levels. One of them will shoot up any day now.† That gave me an idea. â€Å"Is it possible to specialize in more than one element?† She laughed and shook her head. â€Å"No. Too much power. No one could handle all that magic, not without losing her mind.† Oh. Great. â€Å"Okay. Thanks.† I started to leave, then thought of something else. â€Å"Hey, do you remember Ms. Karp? What did she specialize in?† Ms. Carmack got that uncomfortable look other teachers did whenever anyone mentioned Ms. Karp. â€Å"Actually – â€Å" â€Å"What?† â€Å"I almost forgot. I think she really was one of the rare ones who never specialized. She just always kept a very low control over all four.† I spent the rest of my afternoon classes thinking about Ms. Carmack’s words, trying to work them into my unified Lissa-Karp-Vladimir theory. I also watched Lissa. So many people wanted to talk to her now that she barely noticed my silence. Every so often, though, I’d see her glance at me and smile, a tired look in her eyes. Laughing and gossiping all day with people she only sort of liked was taking its toll on her. â€Å"The mission’s accomplished,† I told her after school. â€Å"We can stop Project Brainwash.† We sat on benches in the courtyard, and she swung her legs back and forth. â€Å"What do you mean?† â€Å"You’ve done it. You stopped people from making my life horrible. You destroyed Mia. You stole Aaron. Play with him for another couple weeks, then drop him and the other royals. You’ll be happier.† â€Å"You don’t think I’m happy now?† â€Å"I know you aren’t. Some of the parties are fun, but you hate pretending to be friends with people you don’t like – and you don’t like most of them. I know how much Xander pissed you off the other night.† â€Å"He’s a jerk, but I can deal with that. If I stop hanging out with them, everything’ll go back to the way it was. Mia will just start up again. This way, she can’t bother us.† â€Å"It’s not worth it if everything else is bothering you.† â€Å"Nothing’s bothering me.† She sounded a little defensive. â€Å"Yeah?† I asked meanly. â€Å"Because you’re so in love with Aaron? Because you can’t wait to have sex with him again?† She glared at me. â€Å"Have I mentioned you can be a huge bitch sometimes?† I ignored that. â€Å"I’m just saying you’ve got enough shit to worry about without all this. You’re burning yourself out with all the compulsion you’re using.† â€Å"Rose!† She glanced anxiously around. â€Å"Be quiet!† â€Å"But it’s true. Using it all the time is going to screw with your head. For real.† â€Å"Don’t you think you’re getting carried away?† â€Å"What about Ms. Karp?† Lissa’s expression went very still. â€Å"What about her?† â€Å"You. You’re just like her.† â€Å"No, I’m not!† Outrage flashed in those green eyes. â€Å"She healed too.† Hearing me talk about this shocked her. This topic had weighed us down for so long, but we’d almost never spoken about it. â€Å"That doesn’t mean anything.† â€Å"You don’t think it does? Do you know anyone else who can do that? Or can use compulsion on dhampirs and Moroi?† â€Å"She never used compulsion like that,† she argued. â€Å"She did. She tried to use it on me the night she left. It started to work, but then they took her away before she finished.† Or had they? After all, it was only a month later that Lissa and I had run away from the Academy. I’d always thought that was my own idea, but maybe Ms. Karp’s suggestion had been the true force behind it. Lissa crossed her arms. Her face looked defiant, but her emotions felt uneasy. â€Å"Fine. So what? So she’s a freak like me. That doesn’t mean anything. She went crazy because†¦well, that was just the way she was. That’s got nothing to do with anything else.† â€Å"But it’s not just her,† I said slowly. â€Å"There’s someone else like you guys, too. Someone I found.† I hesitated. â€Å"You know St. Vladimir†¦Ã¢â‚¬  And that’s when I finally let it all out. I told her everything. I told her about how she, Ms. Karp, and St. Vladimir could all heal and use super-compulsion. Although it made her squirm, I told her how they too grew easily upset and had tried to hurt themselves. â€Å"He tried to kill himself,† I said, not meeting her eyes. â€Å"And I used to notice marks on Ms. Karp’s skin – like she’d claw at her own face. She tried to hide it with her hair, but I could see the old scratches and tell when she made new ones.† â€Å"It doesn’t mean anything,† insisted Lissa. â€Å"It – it’s all a coincidence.† She sounded like she wanted to believe that, and inside, some part of her really did. But there was another part of her, a desperate part of her that had wanted for so long to know that she wasn’t a freak, that she wasn’t alone. Even if the news was bad, at least now she knew there were others like her. â€Å"Is it a coincidence that neither of them seems to have specialized?† I recounted my conversation with Ms. Carmack and explained my theory about specializing in all four elements. I also repeated Ms. Carmack’s comment about how that would burn someone out. Lissa rubbed her eyes when I finished, smudging a little of her makeup. She gave me a weak smile. â€Å"I don’t know what’s crazier: what you’re actually telling me or the fact that you actually read something to find all this out.† I grinned, relieved that she’d actually mustered a joke. â€Å"Hey, I know how to read too.† â€Å"I know you do. I also know it took you a year to read The Da Vinci Code.† She laughed. â€Å"That wasn’t my fault! And don’t try to change the subject.† â€Å"I’m not.† She smiled, then sighed. â€Å"I just don’t know what to think about all this.† â€Å"There’s nothing to think about. Just don’t do stuff that’ll upset you. Remember coasting through the middle? Go back to that. It’s a lot easier on you.† She shook her head. â€Å"I can’t do that. Not yet.† â€Å"Why not? I already told you – † I stopped, wondering why I hadn’t caught on before. â€Å"It’s not just Mia. You’re doing all this because you feel like you’re supposed to. You’re still trying to be Andre.† â€Å"My parents would have wanted me to – â€Å" â€Å"Your parents would have wanted you to be happy.† â€Å"It’s not that easy, Rose. I can’t ignore these people forever. I’m royal too.† â€Å"Most of them suck.† â€Å"And a lot of them are going to help rule the Moroi. Andre knew that. He wasn’t like the others, but he did what he had to do because he knew how important they were.† I leaned back against the bench. â€Å"Well, maybe that’s the problem. We’re deciding who’s ? ®important’ based on family alone, so we end up with these screwed-up people making decisions. That’s why Moroi numbers are dropping and bitches like Tatiana are queen. Maybe there needs to be a new royal system.† â€Å"Come on, Rose. This is the way it is; that’s the way it’s been for centuries. We have to live with that.† I glared. â€Å"Okay, how about this?† she continued. â€Å"You’re worried about me becoming like them – like Ms. Karp and St. Vladimir – right? Well, she said I shouldn’t use the powers, that it would make things get worse if I did. What if I just stop? Compulsion, healing, everything.† I narrowed my eyes. â€Å"You could do that?† The convenient compulsion aside, that was what I’d wanted her to do the whole time. Her depression had started at the same time the powers emerged, just after the accident. I had to believe they were connected, particularly in light of the evidence and Ms. Karp’s warnings. â€Å"Yes.† Her face was perfectly composed, her expression serious and steady. With her pale hair woven into a neat French braid and a suede blazer over her dress, she looked like she could have taken her family’s place on the council right now. â€Å"You’d have to give up everything,† I warned. â€Å"No healing, no matter how cute and cuddly the animal. And no more compulsion to dazzle the royals.† She nodded seriously. â€Å"I can do it. Will that make you feel better?† â€Å"Yeah, but I’d feel even better if you stopped magic and went back to hanging out with Natalie.† â€Å"I know, I know. But I can’t stop, not now at least.† I couldn’t get her to budge on that – yet – but knowing that she would avoid using her powers relieved me. â€Å"All right,† I said, picking up my backpack. I was late for practice. Again. â€Å"You can keep playing with the brat pack, so long as you keep the ? ®other stuff’ in check.† I hesitated. â€Å"And you know, you really have made your point with Aaron and Mia. You don’t have to keep him around to keep hanging out with the royals.† â€Å"Why do I keep getting the feeling you don’t like him anymore?† â€Å"I like him okay – which is about as much as you like him. And I don’t think you should get hot and sweaty with people you only like ? ®okay’ â€Å" Lissa widened her eyes in pretend astonishment. â€Å"Is this Rose Hathaway talking? Have you reformed? Or do you have someone you like ? ®more than okay’?† â€Å"Hey,† I said uncomfortably, â€Å"I’m just looking out for you. That, and I never noticed how boring Aaron is before.† She scoffed. â€Å"You think everyone’s boring.† â€Å"Christian isn’t.† It slipped out before I could stop it. She quit smiling. â€Å"He’s a jerk. He just stopped talking to me for no reason one day.† She crossed her arms. â€Å"And don’t you hate him anyway?† â€Å"I can still hate him and think he’s interesting.† But I was also starting to think that I might have made a big mistake about Christian. He was creepy and dark and liked to set people on fire, true. On the other hand, he was smart and funny – in a twisted way – and somehow had a calming effect on Lissa. But I’d messed it all up. I’d let my anger and jealousy get the best of me and ended up separating them. If I’d let him go to her in the garden that night, maybe she wouldn’t have gotten upset and cut herself. Maybe they’d be together now, away from all the school politics. Fate must have been thinking the same thing, because five minutes after I left Lissa, I passed Christian walking across the quad. Our eyes locked for a moment before we passed each other. I nearly kept walking. Nearly. Taking a deep breath, I came to a stop. â€Å"Wait†¦Christian.† I called out to him. Damn, I was so late for training. Dimitri was going to kill me. Christian spun around to face me, hands stuffed in the pockets of his long black coat, his posture slumped and uncaring. â€Å"Yeah?† â€Å"Thanks for the books.† He didn’t say anything. â€Å"The ones you gave to Mason.† â€Å"Oh, I thought you meant the other books.† Smartass. â€Å"Aren’t you going to ask what they were for?† â€Å"Your business. Just figured you were bored being suspended.† â€Å"I’d have to be pretty bored for that.† He didn’t laugh at my joke. â€Å"What do you want, Rose? I’ve got places to be.† I knew he was lying, but my sarcasm no longer seemed as funny as usual. â€Å"I want you to, uh, hang out with Lissa again.† â€Å"Are you serious?† He studied me closely, suspicion all over him. â€Å"After what you said to me?† â€Å"Yeah, well†¦Didn’t Mason tell you?†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Christian’s lips turned up into a sneer. â€Å"He told me something.† â€Å"And?† â€Å"And I don’t want to hear it from Mason.† His sneer cranked up when I glared. â€Å"You sent him to apologize for you. Step up and do it yourself.† â€Å"You’re a jerk,† I informed him. â€Å"Yeah. And you’re a liar. I want to see you eat your pride.† â€Å"I’ve been eating my pride for two weeks,† I growled. Shrugging, he turned around and started to walk away. â€Å"Wait!† I called, putting my hand on his shoulder. He stopped and looked back at me. â€Å"All right, all right. I lied about how she felt. She never said any of that stuff about you, okay? She likes you. I made it up because I don’t like you.† â€Å"And yet you want me to talk to her.† When the next words left my lips, I could barely believe it. â€Å"I think†¦you might be†¦good for her.† We stared at each other for several heavy moments. His smirk dried up a little. Not much surprised him. This did. â€Å"I’m sorry. I didn’t hear you. Can you repeat that?† he finally asked. I almost punched him in the face. â€Å"Will you stop it already? I want you to hang out with her again.† â€Å"No.† â€Å"Look, I told you, I lied – â€Å" â€Å"It’s not that. It’s her. You think I can talk to her now? She’s Princess Lissa again.† Venom dripped off his words. â€Å"I can’t go near her, not when she’s surrounded by all those royals.† â€Å"You’re royal too,† I said, more to myself than him. I kept forgetting the Ozeras were one of the twelve families. â€Å"Doesn’t mean much in a family full of Strigoi, huh?† â€Å"But you’re not – wait. That’s why she connects to you,† I realized with a start. â€Å"Because I’m going to become a Strigoi?† he asked snidely. â€Å"No†¦because you lost your parents too. Both of you saw them die.† â€Å"She saw hers die. I saw mine murdered.† I flinched. â€Å"I know. I’m sorry, it must have been†¦well, I don’t have any idea what it was like.† Those crystal-blue eyes went unfocused. â€Å"It was like seeing an army of Death invade my house.† â€Å"You mean†¦your parents?† He shook his head. â€Å"The guardians who came to kill them. I mean, my parents were scary, yeah, but they still looked like my parents – a little paler, I guess. Some red in their eyes. But they walked and talked the same way. I didn’t know anything was wrong with them, but my aunt did. She was watching me when they came for me.† â€Å"Were they going to convert you?† I’d forgotten my original mission here, too caught up in the story. â€Å"You were really little.† â€Å"I think they were going to keep me until I was older, then turn me. Aunt Tasha wouldn’t let them take me. They tried to reason with her, convert her too, but when she wouldn’t listen, they tried to take her by force. She fought them – got really messed up – and then the guardians showed up.† His eyes drifted back to me. He smiled, but there was no happiness in it. â€Å"Like I said, an army of Death. I think you’re crazy, Rose, but if you turn out like the rest of them, you’re going to be able to do some serious damage one day. Even I won’t mess with you.† I felt horrible. He’d had a miserable life, and I’d taken away one of the few good things in it. â€Å"Christian, I’m sorry for screwing things up between you and Lissa. It was stupid. She wanted to be with you. I think she still does now. If you could just – â€Å" â€Å"I told you, I can’t.† â€Å"I’m worried about her. She’s into all this royal stuff because she thinks it’s going to get back at Mia – she’s doing it for me.† â€Å"And you aren’t grateful?† The sarcasm returned. â€Å"I’m worried. She can’t handle playing all these catty political games. It isn’t good for her, but she won’t listen to me. I could†¦I could use help.† â€Å"She could use help. Hey, don’t look so surprised – I know there’s something funny going on with her. And I’m not even talking about the wrist thing.† I jumped. â€Å"Did she tell you?†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Why not? She’d told him everything else. â€Å"She didn’t need to,† he said. â€Å"I’ve got eyes.† I must have looked pathetic, because he sighed and ran a hand through his hair. â€Å"Look, if I catch Lissa alone†¦I’ll try to talk to her. But honestly†¦if you really want to help her†¦well, I know I’m supposed to be all anti-establishment, but you might get the best help talking to somebody else. Kirova. Your guardian guy. I don’t know. Someone who knows something. Someone you trust.† â€Å"Lissa wouldn’t like that.† I considered. â€Å"Neither would I.† â€Å"Yeah, well, we all have to do things we don’t like. That’s life.† My snarky switch flipped on. â€Å"What are you, an after-school special?† A ghostly smile flickered across his face. â€Å"If you weren’t so psychotic, you’d be fun to hang around.† â€Å"Funny, I feel that way about you too.† He didn’t say anything else, but the smile grew, and he walked away. How to cite Vampire Academy Chapter 16, Essay examples

Intensity of a Spectrum-Free-Sample for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Questions: 1.How are the electrons dispersed in the EELS magnetic prism? 2.What function is used to model the background intensity of a spectrum? 3.What function is used in the low-loss region of the spectrum (less then 100eV)? Answers: 1.The existence of electromagnetic having a shaped pole pieces results to generation of uniform magnetic field (denoted as B), having an order of approximately 0.01 T . In this magnetic field produced electrons will follow a circular like paths that is having a radius of R and the electrons will be spontaneously deflected at an angle normally 900. The force exerted by electrons sideway is F = B*e *v = Where; e = speed of electron v = charge m = mass of electron The resultant bending radius of electrons that directly depend on the velocity hence electron energy will be equal to; R = This clearly demonstrates the bending and dispersion of electrons by EELS magnetic prism 2.typically, the model is determined using linear least-square method using a single pre-edge region . Where = background fit window = signal intgergration window Ib = background intensity Ik = signal intensity Power law formulae is the most common background model for intensity of a spectrum J( E) = A A = scaling constant r = slope exponent ( that is usually 2-6) 3.The EELS in the low energy region less than 100 ev is particularl known as valence electron energy lost spectroscopy. The low loss region determines Excitation of valence band electrons Electronic structure EEL spectrum at blow loss region can be described in a dielectric formulation as; (i) Where; v = the speed of the incident region na = the number of atoms per unit volume E = the characteristic scattering angle (E = E/m0v2) Im(= the energy loss function From the equation The complex dielectric function 1 + 2 is obtained from the low loss EEL spectrum